Tag Archives: HMRC-publications

VAT: Avoiding a Default Surcharge. Reasonable Excuse – Update

By Marcus Ward 14 March 2022

I have looked at the Default Surcharge regime in detail here but as statistics show more business to be in default (which is probably accurately attributable, inter alia, to the pandemic) I consider how a penalty may be mitigated, by the provision of a “Reasonable Excuse”. HMRC has updated its internal guidance on Reasonable Excuse this month.

Specifically: HMRC state that “…where a person has not been able to meet an obligation on time due to the impact of COVID-19, HMRC will usually accept that they will have a reasonable excuse.”

What is a Default Surcharge?

The Default Surcharge is a civil penalty issued by HMRC to encourage businesses to submit their VAT returns and pay the tax due on time.

A default occurs if HMRC has not received your return and all the VAT due by the due date. The relevant date is the date that cleared funds reach HMRC’s bank account. If the due date is not a working day, payment must be received on the last preceding working day.

More on late returns here and on late payments here.

New rules forthcoming

It is noted that there is a new regime for penalties, details here although these changes have been delayed until 1 January 2023

Reasonable Excuse

If a business has a reasonable excuse for failing to pay on time, and it remedies this failure without unreasonable delay after the excuse ends, it will not be liable to a surcharge. The onus is on a business to satisfy HMRC that it has a Reasonable Excuse.

Definition

There’s no statutory definition of Reasonable Excuse and it will depend on the particular circumstances of a case. A Reasonable Excuse is something that prevented the business meeting a tax obligation on time which it took reasonable care to meet. There is a great deal of case law on this particular issue. Please contact us should there be doubt about a Reasonable Excuse.

What may count as a Reasonable Excuse?

HMRC give the following examples:

“your partner or another close relative died shortly before the tax return or payment deadline
you had an unexpected stay in hospital that prevented you from dealing with your tax affairs
you had a serious or life-threatening illness
your computer or software failed just before or while you were preparing your online return
service issues with HMRC online services
a fire, flood or theft prevented you from completing your tax return
postal delays that you could not have predicted
delays related to a disability (including mental health) you have”

This list is not exhaustive.

What is NOT a reasonable excuse

Statute identifies two specific situations that are not a reasonable excuse:

lack of funds to pay any VAT due, or
reliance on any other person to perform a task, where there has been a delay or inaccuracy on that person’s part.

There can be exceptions to these two exclusions. For example, an insufficiency of funds may be a reasonable excuse where the insufficiency is a result of events outside the person’s control.

HMRC also states that these situations would not normally be accepted, on their own, as a reasonable excuse:

pressure of work
lack of information
lack of a reminder from HMRC

Facts

HMRC will establish what facts the business believes gave rise to a Reasonable Excuse. The facts may include:

the taxpayer’s beliefs
the taxpayer’s own experiences and relevant attributes
the situation of the taxpayer at any relevant time
acts carried out by the taxpayer or someone else
acts that the taxpayer or someone else should have carried out but did not.

Case Law

Although not a VAT issue, in the Upper Tribunal (UT) case of Christine Perrin [2018] UKUT 156 [TC], the judge provided guidance on how the Tribunal should approach a Reasonable Excuse defence. There are four steps:

establish what facts the taxpayer asserts give rise to a reasonable excuse
decide which of those facts are proven
if those proven facts amount to an objectively reasonable excuse for the default
having decided when any reasonable excuse ceased, decide whether the taxpayer remedied the failure without unreasonable delay after that time

Appeal

If HMRC refuse to accept an advance of a Reasonable Excuse and the Default Surcharge is maintained, there are two potential remedies:

If a business disagrees with a decision that it is liable to a surcharge or how the amount of surcharge has been calculated, it is possible to:

ask HMRC to review your case (A Statutory Review)
have your case heard by the Tax Tribunal

If you ask for a review of a case, a business will be required to write to HMRC within 30 days of the date the Surcharge Liability Notice Extension (SLNE) was sent. The letter should give the reasons why a business disagrees with the decision.

We are able to assist with all disputes with HMRC and have an enviable record of succeeding in having Default Surcharges removed.

VAT: Latest on early termination and compensation payments

By Marcus Ward 8 February 2022

HMRC has published a new Revenue and Customs Brief 2(2022) which replaces Revenue and Customs Brief 12 (2020): VAT early termination fees and compensation payments.

It introduces a revised policy on early termination payments and compensation fees. Following representations from industry the Brief issued in September 2020 was suspended in January 2021. HMRC has reviewed the policy in the light of those representations and is adopting a revised policy which will take effect from 1 April 2022. The new policy will result in fewer early termination payments being subject to VAT than in the 2020 guidance.

The new Brief also advises businesses that adopted the treatment outlined in Brief 12 (2020) on what action they should now take.

Background

Whether a payment is for a VAT supply depends on whether anything is being done in return for a consideration. Where a party agrees to do something in return for a fee there is a supply. How that fee is described does not affect whether there is a supply for VAT. What matters is whether something is done and if there is a direct link between what is done and the payment received, and reciprocity between the supplier and the customer (see VATSC05100).

Previous HMRC guidance stated that when customers are charged to withdraw from agreements to receive goods or services, these charges were not generally for a supply and were outside the scope of VAT.

Following the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgments in Meo (C-295/17) and most recently in Vodafone Portugal (C-43/19), it is evident that some of these charges are additional consideration for the supply of goods or services. Most early termination fees and some cancellation fees are therefore liable for VAT if the goods or services for which the fees have been paid are liable for VAT, even if they are described as compensation or damages.

The main impact of the revised policy is that fees charged when customers terminate a contract early will be regarded as further consideration for the contracted supply. For example, if a customer is charged a fee for exiting a mobile phone contract early, or if they terminate a car hire contract early, it will be liable for VAT.

The new guidance can be found at VATSC05910, VATSC05920 and VATSC05930.

VAT: HMRC – Customs changes from 1 January and 1 July 2022

By Marcus Ward 6 December 2021

Further to my article on new procedures, HMRC has issued a reminder of customs changes that come into effect on 1 January 2022.

It is now less than a month until full controls are introduced.

The Changes

Customs declarations

Businesses will no longer be able to delay making import customs declarations under the Staged Customs Controls Most importers will have to make declarations and pay relevant tariffs at the point of import.

Border controls

Ports and other border locations will be required to control goods moving Great Britain and the EU. This means that unless goods have a valid declaration and have received customs clearance, they will not be able to be released into circulation, and in most cases will not be able to leave the port. From 1 January 2022, goods may be directed to an Inland Border Facility for documentary or physical checks if these checks cannot be done at the border.

Rules of origin for imports and exports

The UK’s deal called the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), means that the goods imported or exported may benefit from a reduced rate of Customs Duty (tariff preference). To use this a business will need proof that goods which are:

. imported from the EU originate there

. exported to the EU originate in the UK

Commodity codes

Commodity codes are used worldwide to classify goods that are imported and exported. They are standardised up to six digits and reviewed by the World Customs Organisation every five years. Following the end of the latest review, the UK codes will be changing on 1 January 2022. HMRC guidance is available on finding commodity codes for imports into or exports out of the UK which includes information on using the ‘Trade Tariff Tool’ to find the correct commodity codes.

Postponed VAT Accounting

A VAT registered importer is able to continue to use Postponed VAT Accounting (PVA) on all customs declarations that are liable to import VAT (including supplementary declarations).

Further changes from 1 July 2022

The following changes will be introduced from July 2022:

requirements for full safety and security declarations for all imports
new requirements for Export Health Certificates
requirements for Phytosanitary Certificates
physical checks on sanitary and phytosanitary goods at Border Control Posts

Businesses must be prepared for these changes and I recommend that an experienced representative is used.

VAT: Collection of tax debts

By Marcus Ward 8 July 2021

HMRC has announced its approach to collecting debts after Covid-19.

The Policy Paper explains that the government’s priority is protecting livelihoods and keeping people in work. It states that HMRC has been central to this, for example by pausing many of its debt collection activities and delivering support packages.

However, HMRC is restarting its collection of outstanding debts and will be contacting taxpayers who have fallen behind with VAT and other taxes as a result of the pandemic.

HMRC action

If there is a VAT debt, HMRC will contact a business by phone, post or text message so that they can discuss the situation and agree a way forward. It is important for businesses to respond to these communications as soon as possible because, if there is no reply, HMRC cannot establish whether support is needed or there is a simple refusal to pay.

Time To Pay

HMRC usually discuss payment options, such as a payment plan (called Time to Pay – TTP), which is paying off the debt in affordable instalments.

NB: HMRC typically have more than half a million of TTP arrangements in place and more than nine out of ten of them complete successfully.

As part of agreeing Time to Pay arrangements with businesses, HMRC may also discuss other forms of support available. For example, exploring the range of government-backed lending support like Bounce Back loans and Coronavirus Business Interruption Loans, and agreeing repayment holidays or extending repayment terms.

More information about payment arrangements (Time to pay) is available at How HMRC supports customers who have a tax debt.

Deferral

If a business cannot make a payment immediately, by getting in touch with HMRC it may be possible to arrange a short-term VAT deferral. This means nothing would need to be paid for a set period of time, and no further action to collect the tax debt would be taken until that time has lapsed.

Further powers

Although HMRC state that it will take an “understanding and supportive approach” to tax debt, from September 2021, where businesses are unwilling to discuss a payment plan, or where they ignore attempts to contact them, HMRC may start the process of collecting the debt using its enforcement powers. These powers include; taking control of goods, summary warrants and court action including insolvency proceedings.

As may be seen, ignoring tax debts is not a good policy. Talk to HMRC and see if the various support schemes available are suitable.

VAT: New HMRC tool for payment deadlines

By Marcus Ward 22 June 2021

HMRC has published a tool to enable taxpayers to calculate the date by which VAT payments are due. It covers payments by:

direct debit
online or telephone banking
online debit or credit card
Bacs direct credit
bank giro
CHAPS
cheque

Simple, but it works.

VAT: Day-care services by private bodies are taxable

By Marcus Ward 22 June 2021

Latest from the courts

Following the Supreme Court decisions in Life Services Ltd and The Learning Centre (Romford) Ltd HMRC have published guidance in Revenue & Customs Brief 9 (2021).

NB: This guidance applies to bodies in England and Wales only – Scotland and Northern Ireland have different rules.

The relevant cases concerned the VAT liability of day-care services provided by private bodies to vulnerable adults in England. They confirmed that HMRC’s interpretation of the legislation is correct; that providers of day-care must be charities, public bodies or regulated by the relevant authority (“approved, licensed, registered or exempted from registration by any Minister or other authority pursuant to a provision of a public general Act”) in order to be able to exempt these services.

The legislation is: The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, group 7, item 9.

It is understood that there were a significant number of claims stood behind the Supreme Court cases and these will now fail.

HMRC state that providers who have not accounted for VAT on supply of these services must do so with immediate effect.

Commentary

This is a further example of the VAT complexity in the provision of health and welfare services. It has always been an area ripe for disputes and such bodies and their advisers would be prudent to review the tax treatment of their supplies. There are usually two discrete areas of potential problems; whether services are business or non-business, and if business – do they fall within the various exemptions found at Schedule 9, group 7, items 1 to 11.

VAT: New guidance on the border with the EU post-Brexit

By Marcus Ward 14 October 2020

This month the government have issued new guidance: The Border with the European Union Importing and Exporting Goods on the Border Operating Model. This provides comprehensive guidance on the movement of goods from 1 January 2021 and adds to previous guidance.

This is important information for any business moving goods between GB, the EU and NI and needs to be considered for tax planning and general preparation for Brexit. These rules will likely come into force regardless of whether the UK has negotiated an agreement with the EU.

The introduction comes in three stages:

Stage One – January 2021
Stage Two – April 2021
Stage Three – July 2021

Stage One

Business will need to:

understand the requirements of EU Member States. The necessary processes must have been done and documentation completed to comply with these requirements
obtain a GB EORI number to move goods to or from the UK
if undertaking any EU customs processes, businesses will need an EU EORI
importers; check which goods are on the controlled goods list- if they are on the controlled goods list, a full customs declaration is required
if importing non-controlled goods, decide whether to delay the customs declaration for up to six months or complete full customs declarations on import
decide how to complete customs formalities: Most businesses are expected to use a customs intermediary
consider obtaining a Duty Deferment Account (DDA). A DDA allows holders to delay customs duty, excise duty and import duty, to be paid once a month rather than on individual consignments
check to see if a facilitation would be of benefit. There are a number of facilitations, including the Common Transit Convention
if importing live animals or high-priority plants, business needs to be prepared for submitting additional documentation and checks taking place at point of destination
exporters; be prepared to submit customs export declarations
hauliers; be ready to use the “Check an HGV is ready” service

Stage Two

If businesses are importing Products of Animal Origin (POAO) or a regulated plant and plant product; they will need to:

to submit pre-notification and the relevant health documentation

Stage Three

Businesses must:

meet full customs requirements including submitting declarations, regardless of whether it is a controlled or a non-controlled good
pay VAT and excise duty where necessary
submit safety and security declarations
be prepared for customs compliance checks either at port or an inland site
be prepared for relevant SPS goods to enter GB via a Border Control Post either at port or an inland site, accompanied by sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) documentary requirements

General

From 1 January 2021

Customs Declarations – Importers and exporters will have to complete UK and EU customs declarations after the end of the transition period. Some locations will require pre-lodgement of customs declarations prior to the movement of goods, which will particularly affect ‘roll on-roll off’ (RoRo) movements
Customs Duties – Importers will need to ensure that any customs duties applicable to their goods under the new UK Global Tariff are paid. Importers will need to determine the origin, classification and customs value of their goods. There are options available to defer any payment that is due
VAT will be levied on imports of goods from the EU, following the same rates and structures as are applied to Rest of World (RoW) imports. VAT registered importers will be able to use postponed VAT accounting. Non-VAT registered importers have the same options available to report and pay import VAT as they do for customs duties

Businesses will need to review their processes for dealing with cross-border goods, both between the EU and Northern Ireland. This includes; customs declarations, compliance, provision of data, obtaining a duty deferment account and GB/EU EORI numbers as necessary. We also advise liaising with suppliers and customers to ensure, as far as possible, that transactions are as seamless as possible in these challenging times.

VAT: Domestic reverse charge for building services – Latest

By Marcus Ward 12 June 2019

The new domestic reverse charge for building and construction services will be introduced on 1 October 2019. Details here

HMRC have now published comprehensive guidance which appears to cover all scenarios (but almost certainly there will be transactions which will produce disputes).

Brief Overview

The domestic reverse charge is a major change to the way VAT is collected in the building and construction industry.

It means the customer receiving the service will have to pay VAT to HMRC instead of paying the supplier.

It will only apply to individuals or businesses registered for VAT in the UK.

This will affect a business if it supplies specified services reported under the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS). A business will need to prepare for the change by:

checking whether the reverse charge affects either sales, purchases or both
informing regular clients or suppliers
ensuring a business’ accounting systems and software are updated to deal with the reverse charge
considering whether the change will have an impact on cashflow

The reverse charge does not apply if the service is zero rated or if the customer is not registered for VAT in the UK. It also does not apply to services which are supplied to end users or intermediaries connected with end users. More details here.

Please contact us if you have any queries.

VAT: Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes – new rules

By Marcus Ward 15 January 2018

What needs to be disclosed, and by whom?

The Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes (VAT & Other Indirect Taxes) rules came into effect this month. HMRC Notice 799 sets out the new disclosure rules which are wider than the previous rules and now apply to all indirect taxes (ie; Insurance Premium Tax, General betting Duty, Pool Betting Duty, Remote Gaming Duty, Machine Games Duty, Gaming Duty, Lottery Duty, Bingo Duty, Air Passenger Duty, Hydrocarbon Oils Duty, Tobacco Products Duty, Duties on Spirits, Beer, Wine, Made-Wine and Cider, Soft Drinks Industry Levy, Aggregates Levy, Landfill Tax, Climate Change Levy and Customs Duties) – not just VAT.

The Notice contains information on what to do if a person promotes or uses arrangements (including any scheme, transaction or series of transactions) from 1 January 2018 that will, or are intended to, provide the user with a VAT or other indirect tax advantage when compared to adopting a different course of action.

The information includes:

What arrangements must be disclosed to HMRC
Who has responsibility to disclose notifiable proposals or arrangements to HMRC
Deciding who is a promoter of notifiable proposals or arrangements
Deciding who is an introducer of a notifiable proposal
What the obligations are as a promoter of notifiable proposals or arrangements
What the obligations are as an introducer of a notifiable proposal
What the obligations are as a user of notifiable arrangements including when there is a responsibility to disclose
How to make a disclosure to HMRC

It is crucially important to establish who is required to notify HMRC and of what. The rules do not just cover tax advisers but may also affect businesses directly.

The effect of disclosure

A disclosure under the new rules has no effect on the tax position of any person who uses the arrangements. However, a disclosed arrangement may be challenged by HMRC or may be rendered ineffective by legislative action by Parliament.

Please contact us if you think any of the above affects you.