Tag Archives: vat-errors

VAT and Duty on exports and imports post Brexit – a guide

By Marcus Ward 7 April 2020

Exports and Imports – post Brexit

VAT and Duty on exports and imports

With Brexit soon to become a reality, it is important that UK business understand the importance of exporting and importing goods. As matters stand, the UK will become a “third country” and as such will need to go through all the processes that apply to non-EU countries when goods cross borders to sales and purchases to/from existing EU countries. This mainly means customs duties applying to goods that have, to date, been duty free as the EU is a single market.

Whether importing or exporting, there are important VAT and duty rules and procedures. A business must ensure that it charges and pays the right amount of VAT and duty. The first step for moving goods into, or out of, the UK will be to obtain an EORI number. Details here.

Responsibilities for importers

the importer is normally responsible for clearing the goods through UK customs and paying any taxes
the supplier needs to provide the documentation an importer needs to clear the goods through customs (and to make payment to the supplier)
now, if you are importing (even from EU countries) you are likely to have to pay import duty. This cannot be reclaimed from HMRC
a business’ responsibilities depend on what it has agreed in the contract. To minimise the risk of disputes, your contract should use one of the internationally recognised Incoterms. These are explained here
check what import duty applies – import duty is based on the type of goods you are importing, the country they originate from and their value
HMRC’s Integrated Tariff sets out the classification of goods and the rates of duty in detail. Your Trade Association or your import agent may be able to assist with classification. You can find reputable freight forwarders through the British International Freight Association here
an importer may need proof of the origin of the goods to claim reduced import duty for goods from certain countries
a valuation document is also normally required for imports above a set value
complete an import declaration. This is normally done using the Single Administrative Document (SAD)
pay VAT and duty to get the goods released
the VAT applicable is the normal UK rate for the imported goods when sold in the UK
regular importers can defer payment of VAT and duty by opening a deferment account with HMRC. A security payment will need to be provided and payments must be via Direct Debit
From 1 January 2021 Postponed Accounting for import VAT to be introduced for all goods including those from the EU
account for VAT on returns
HMRC will send a C79 certificate showing the import VAT you have paid
VAT on imports (supported by C79 evidence) may be claimed in the same way as reclaims of input tax incurred on purchases in the UK
import duty cannot be reclaimed

Responsibilities for exporters

- the exporter is normally responsible for clearing goods outwards through UK customs
- the customer is normally responsible for overseas customs clearance and taxes (depending on the Incoterms). Further details on how other countries handle import duties and taxes are available from the Department for International Trade
- the exporter will need to provide its customer with the documentation they need to clear goods into their country (and to pay you)
- the exporter’s responsibilities depend on what it has agreed in the contract (see Incoterms above)
- the exporter will need to provide its customer with the documents they need to import the goods into their country. These documents can also be part of the process of getting paid
- as a minimum, the seller will need documents recording details of the:

- exporter
- customer
- goods and their value
- export destination
- how the goods will be transported
- route they will take
keep copies of all documents giving details of all the sales which have been made.
record the value of your exports on your VAT return
consider any responsibility you have for overseas customs clearance and taxes. Normally, as an exporter, you will have agreed that your customer handles this. However, take specialist advice, or use an expert agent, if you are responsible – this will depend on Incoterms

Tips

freight forwarders can handle customs clearance as well as transport
exporting can be simpler if you choose to sell to a single agent or distributor in an overseas country. However, this may not suit your export strategy
exports are usually zero-rated. However, exporters must keep proof that the goods have been physically exported along with normal commercial documentation
the exporter must declare the export. This is usually done by completing a Single Administrative Document (SAD), also known as form C88

Excise duty

check whether any goods being purchased are subject to excise duty
excise duty is payable on; fuel, alcohol and tobacco products
if goods are subject to excise duty, it is paid at the same time as payments for VAT and import duty are made
VAT is charged on the value of the goods plus excise duty

Customs warehouses

If you expect to store imports for a long time it will be worth considering using a Customs warehouse.

goods stored in a customs warehouse, will not be subject to import duty and VAT until they are removed from the warehouse
storage ‘in bond’ is often used for products subject to excise duty, such as wine and cigarettes, although it is not limited to these goods

Relief for re-exported goods

it may be possible to take advantage of Inward Processing Relief (IPR) rules so that no import duty and VAT is payable
IPR can apply to imports that you process before re-exporting them

If you import or export regularly, find out about alternative procedures

For example, businesses that import regularly and in large volumes can use processes such as Customs Freight Simplified Procedures.

Summary

If you are new to acquisitions, importing or exporting, it may be worthwhile talking to an expert. This article only scratches the surface of the subject. There can be significant savings made by accurately classifying goods, and applying the correct procedures and rates will avoid assessments and penalties being levied. Planning may also be available to defer when tax is paid on imports and acquisitions.

VAT: Events cancelled due to coronavirus

By Marcus Ward 18 March 2020

Coronavirus measures

In these difficult times things aren’t as they usually are. While there have been no specific government announcements of any VAT reliefs, one issue has arisen.

Refunds

If a venue is required to cancel an event as a result of the government’s advice on coronavirus eg; live performances, seminars, weddings, festivals etc, and the venue suggests that ticket holders might like to donate the money previously paid to charity rather than receive a refund – we can confirm that no VAT is due on any of the transactions.

This is the case in situations where the;

event does not take place
customer is entitled to a full, unfettered refund
refund changes to a genuine voluntary donation

Adjustment

If output tax has been accounted for the next return may be adjusted to credit the tax previously paid. if a refund is made directly to the customer, again, no supply will have been made for VAT purposes and no output tax is due.

Commentary

In these difficult times we appreciate that tax is way down the list of people’s priorities. Many businesses will suffer and many will not survive. If we can help in any way possible, please let us know.

Also, we will report if there are any concessions on VAT payments or similar as soon as we are aware. We recommend that the HMRC guidance on coronavirus should be monitored for the latest news.

Good luck out there and stay safe.

VAT: Extent of exemption for healthcare. The X-GmbH CJEU case

By Marcus Ward 10 March 2020

Latest from the courts

In the CJEU case of X, a German business, the issue was whether services provided by telephone could be treated as exempt. The decision is not available in English in the link above, so thanks to Google translate and very rusty schoolboy language skills!

Background

X provided a healthcare hotline to people covered by certain insurance. The types of services carried out where in respect of medical issues; medical advice, answers to queries, explanations of possible diagnoses and treatments, and patient support programmes for certain conditions. The service was provided by suitably qualified nurses, medical staff and doctors.

The issue

Was this service exempt from VAT as personal care considering it was “support” provided by telephone? He relevant legislation is Article 132(1)(c) of the VAT Directive. A separate issue was whether the staff required additional proof of their professional qualifications to qualify as an exempt service by telephone. The advice was provided via a computer assisted assessment, using targeted questions allowing X to assess the patient’s situation and to advise accordingly. Consequently, there was a degree of automation involved.

The German authorities considered that the supplies fell short of the exemption and raised assessments for output tax due on the services.

Decision

The CJEU has ruled that personal care is not dependent on where it is carried out and there is no bar to it being conducted by telephone. X contended that its services were directly connected with illness and was medical care and, as a result of its activities, the cost of subsequent treatment was reduced.

The court established that the supply was exempt if it met two tests:

it must be a service of personal care, and
it must be carried out within the framework of the exercise of the medical and paramedical professions as defined by the Member State concerned

Therefore, healthcare services carried out by telephone may fall within the exemption, but only if they meet all the conditions for applying this exemption. The test was not how the services were delivered.

Whether X’s services met the exemption conditions depended on case law and whether they were to;

diagnose, treat and cure illnesses or health anomalies
protect (including maintaining or restoring) the health of individuals.
explain diagnosis and therapies
propose modifications to treatments and medication

Such services were likely to have a ‘therapeutic purpose’. However, simply; directing patients to factsheets, providing specialists’ contact details and communicating information is insufficient to qualify for exemption and would be regarded as of a (taxable) administrational nature.

Summary

The services provided by telephone, consisting of providing advice on health and illness, were likely to be exempt, if they pursue a ‘therapeutic aim’. However, this was for the German referring court to verify. On the “additional qualifications” point, EU law does not define medical professions, so it is the responsibility of each Member State to determine the necessary qualifications. In the UK, these qualifications are set out at VAT Act 1994, Schedule 8, Group 7, item 1 (mainly; registered or enrolled as a doctor, optician, osteopath, chiropractor, nurse or midwife). It was decided that Article 132(1)(c) does not require that those X’s staff which provide telephone services to obtain additional professional qualifications.

Commentary

There is often significant uncertainty when businesses provide “healthcare”, This has mainly manifested in questions of whether staff or medical services are actually provided (and in more wide-ranging cases, whether the provision of staff is by way of agent or principal). However, with technology moving faster than ever, it is helpful to have these guidelines and the understanding that it is not just “old-fashioned” medical services which are covered by the exemption.

VAT: Interaction of Clawback and the Capital Goods Scheme – The Stichting Schoonzicht case

By Marcus Ward 10 March 2020

Latest from the courts

The difference between intended use and first actual use of an asset.

In the Dutch case of Stichting Schoonzicht (C‑791/18) the AG was asked to provide an opinion on the interaction between clawback and the Capital Goods Scheme (CGS) via Directive 2006/112/EC, Articles 185 and 187. Details of the CGS here. In the UK clawback is set out in The General Regulations 1995, Reg 108.

Background

Stichting Schoonzicht constructed a number of apartments which it intended to sell on completion. This would have been a taxable supply and afforded full input tax recovery on the costs incurred on the development. Unfortunately, due to market conditions, the business was unable to find buyers at the appropriate sale price. Therefore, a decision was made to let some of the flats on a short-term basis until the market picked up. This was done and created an exempt supply. The intention to make taxable supplies remained, but in the meantime, exempt supplies had actually been made. This could affect the original input tax claim. Details of partial exemption here.

Technical

The Dutch referring court entertained doubts about the compatibility of the ‘first-use full adjustment’ requirement provided for under Netherlands law and the CGS.

So the issue was whether the CGS (Article 187 of the VAT Directive) applied such that any required adjustments to the initial input tax claim could be made via a CGS calculation, or whether, as the Dutch authorities contended, there should be a one-off clawback of the input tax previously claimed.

Decision

In the AG’s opinion, the Dutch tax authorities could clawback 4/7 of the input tax on the construction (as four of the flats were let and three remained unoccupied). The AG decided that the CGS could co-exist with clawback and that EU Member States are allowed to adjust the initial deduction of input tax using clawback where actual use varies from intended use. A distinction was made between clawback and the CGS. The CGS is intended to adjust input tax claims as a result of fluctuations in the taxable use of capital assets over a period of time (ten years for buildings in the UK).

Commentary

In the UK, there are published easements for input tax recovery in similar circumstances: “VAT: Partial Exemption – adjustments when house builders let their dwellings”. However, this is an interesting AG opinion, is worth a read and it will be interesting to see how this develops. However, with prior planning, this situation may be avoided in the UK (where new house sales are zero rated).

VAT: EC AG’s Opinion – Are aphrodisiacs food?

By Marcus Ward 2 March 2020

Latest from the courts

It’s rare to come across anything vaguely sexy about VAT, but hey ho, aphrodisiacs were the subject of the AG’s opinion in the case of “X” – the name of the Dutch business. The document was published by the European Commission (EC) and is here but unavailable in the English language, presumably as a result of Brexit, unless anyone knows of any other reason.

Opinion

The AG, M. Maciej Szpunar decided that no, aphrodisiacs cannot be treated as food via Directive 2006/112/CE – Article 98 and are therefore not subject to a reduced rate (which would have been zero rated in the UK). The relevant element was:

“Foodstuffs” intended for human consumption “refers to products containing nutrients, and which are in principle consumed for the purpose of supplying said nutrients to the human body”. Products which are normally used to supplement or replace foodstuffs “Means products which are not foodstuffs, but which contain nutrients and are consumed in place of foodstuffs to supply these nutrients to the body, as well as products ingested in order to stimulate the nutritional functions of food or products used to replace them.

Therefore, in the AG’s opinion, the powders and capsules sold by X are different to foodstuffs and supplements and were not subject to the reduced rate. The fact that they may contain elements of nutrition did not override that they were intended to stimulate sexual desire and it was not the intention of the legislation that such products should be subject to the reduced rate as they were not “essential goods”.

That, of course, does not mean that foods which are said to contain aphrodisiac properties such as; asparagus, oysters, watermelons, celery and pomegranates are not reduced rated.

I doubt that Aphrodite – the Greek goddess of love and beauty, knew that ultimately there would be a court case on the rate of indirect tax applicable to such, err; “stimulants”.

AG’s Opinion

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) consists of one judge from each member state, assisted by eleven Advocates General whose role is to consider the written and oral submissions to the court in every case that raises a new point of law, and deliver an impartial opinion to the court on the legal solution.

VAT overpayments – HMRC to consider changes

By Marcus Ward 24 February 2020

VAT overpayments – New direct claims?

If a recipient of a supply makes an overpayment of VAT (usually as a result of standard rated tax being charged when a supply is reduced rated, zero rated or exempt) the remedy for the customer is to go to the supplier to obtain a new invoice/VAT only credit note and. repayment of the VAT paid. However, this can cause practical problems, disputes and an actual cost if a supplier has ceased business or become insolvent. HMRC has recognised that if the supplier has paid output tax on the supply then there is an inherent unfairness.

Following the decision in PORR Építési Kft. (C 691/17) which considered the principles of; proportionality, fiscal neutrality and effectiveness, HMRC invited interested parties to discuss a direct HMRC claim process where the taxpayer has pursued a refund via its supplier for overpaid incorrectly charged VAT but where, as stated in the cases, “recovery is impossible or excessively difficult”. In such cases the taxpayer “must be able to address its application for reimbursement to the tax authority directly”. In the past, HMRC has directed that such claims from them are pursued via the High Court (or County Court if under £30,000). The meeting discussed the new route to direct claims without initial court action including guidance, time limits and claim processes.

We await the outcome eagerly as this situation is quite common, I have found it is an issue particularly in; property and construction supplies, Financial Services and cross-border transactions (place of supply issues). If HMRC are minded to introduce a “direct claim” this will bring welcome relief to taxpayers and introduce fairness for all parties and do away with windfalls received by HMRC.

VAT: Payment handling charges – The Virgin Media case

By Marcus Ward 5 February 2020

Latest from the courts

In the Virgin Media Ltd First Tier Tribunal (FTT) case a number of issues were considered. These were:

whether payment handling charges were exempt via: The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, Group 5, items (1) and (5)
whether the supply was separate from other media services
which VAT group member made the supply?
whether there was an intra-group supply
whether there was an abuse of rights

Background

Virgin Media Limited (VML) provided cable TV, broadband and telephone services (media services) to members of the public. It was the representative member of a VAT Group which also contained Virgin Media Payment Limited (VMPL).

If customers choose not to pay by direct debit, they were required to pay a £5 “handling charge”. The handling charge was paid to VMPL and passed to VML on a daily basis. The issue was; what was the correct VAT treatment of the charge?

Contentions

The appellant argued that the £5 charge was optional for the customer and the collection of it was carried out by VMPL and was exempt as the transfer or receipt of, or any dealing with, money. Further, that, despite being members of the same VAT group, there was nothing in the legislation which forced the VAT group to treat supplies by separate entities within that group as a single supply to a recipient outside the group.

HMRC contended that there was a single taxable supply and thus no exempt services were provided and, in fact, VMPL was not making a supply at all (and therefore not to VML as the group representative member). In the first alternative, if it were decided that there was a supply, such a supply was an ancillary component of a single taxable supply by VML as representative group member and not by VMPL as per the Card Protection Plan case. In the second alternative, if both decisions above went against HMRC, that the service provided by VMPL fell outside the exemption so that it was taxable in its own right.

Decision

It was found that:

there was a single supply made to customers
the supply was made by VML as the representative member of the VAT group
the £5 handling charge was an integral part of the overall supply
if not integral, the handling charge was an ancillary supply such that it took on the VAT treatment of the substantive supply
therefore, VMPL does not make any supply to the end users of the overall service
if VMPL does make a supply, it is an intra-group supply to VML which s disregarded for VAT purposes
VMPL does not have a free-standing fiscal identity for VAT purposes
if the FTT is wrong on the above points and VMPL does make a supply of payment handling services to customers, these supplies are taxable and not exempt (per Bookit and NEC) as the supply is simply technical and administrative and does not amount to debt collection
the arrangements do not constitute an abusive practice. The essential aim of the transactions are not to secure a tax advantage so HMRC’s argument on abuse fails

Therefore, the appeal was dismissed and a reference to the CJEU was considered inappropriate and output tax was due on the full amount received by the group from customers.

Summary

This was a complex case which suffered significant delays. It does help clarify a number of interconnected issues and demonstrates the amount of care required when planning company structures and the VAT analysis of them.

VAT: Suspension of penalties and special reductions

By Marcus Ward 3 February 2020

HMRC has significant powers to issue penalties for a wide range of reasons (which include imprisonment, but this is not the subject of this article). A summary of the penalty regime here and an overview from HMRC here.

In some circumstances, HMRC can decide to suspend a penalty, or suspension can be requested by a taxpayer.

I thought it worthwhile to look closer at suspension and the guidance HMRC has issued to its officers.

Suspension can only apply to errors which are “careless inaccuracies” in tax declarations, so a penalty for a deliberate error cannot be suspended.

Penalty suspension only applies if HMRC is able to set at least one suspension condition, with the intention that it will help a business avoid penalties for similar inaccuracies in the future.

When can a penalty be suspended?

HMRC use the standard SMART test

Specific – it must be directly related to the cause of the inaccuracy
Measurable – a business will need to demonstrate that it has met the condition
Achievable – a business will need to show that it is able to meet the condition
Realistic – HMRC must realistically expect that a business will meet the condition
Time based – a business must meet the condition by the end of the suspension period

These conditions are in addition to the condition that all returns are filed on time during the suspension period.

When HMRC will not suspend a penalty

HMRC will not suspend penalties if it is not possible to set any SMART conditions
If HMRC believes that it is unlikely a business will comply with any of the suspension conditions
If a business is penalised for an error which arose because it attempted to use a tax avoidance scheme

An example is if HMRC do not believe that an improved record keeping system will/can be put in place.

If HMRC decide not to suspend a penalty, it represents an appealable decision.

Agreement to suspension

Before HMRC will suspend a penalty, a business will need to agree conditions with it. A business will need to:

understand the conditions
meet the conditions
agree that the conditions are proportionate to the size of the inaccuracy
agree that the conditions take a business’ circumstances into account
be clear to both the business and HMRC when the conditions have been met

After a taxpayer has agreed the conditions HMRC will send a Notice of Suspension (NOS).

Length of the suspension period

The length will depend on how long HMRC considers that it will take a business to meet the specific suspension conditions. The maximum suspension period allowed by law is two years but normally it would be less than this.

Action during the suspension period

During the suspension period, a business must meet the conditions it agreed to. It must also ensure that it does not submit any other inaccurate returns, as this is likely another inaccuracy penalty will apply. If another inaccuracy penalty is incurred during the suspension period, the previously suspended penalty must be paid in full.

End of suspension period

At the end of the suspension period HMRC will ask whether the conditions have been fully met. Officers will check records and ask for other evidence, to ensure compliance. If HMRC agree that the conditions have been met, the original penalty will be cancelled. If it is decided that they have not, the penalty must be paid in full. A business cannot appeal against such a decision; however, it may be the subject of judicial review.

Appeal

An appeal may be lodged against:

any Penalty Notice (and/or ask for it to be suspended)
HMRC’s refusal to suspend a penalty
the conditions HMRC have set relating to a suspension

Special reduction

In addition to suspension, HMRC is able to reduce a penalty in “special circumstances”.

Penalty legislation provides for common circumstances and these are therefore taken into account in establishing the liability to and/or level of a penalty.

Special circumstances are either:

uncommon or exceptional, or
where the strict application of the penalty law produces a result that is contrary to the clear compliance intention of that penalty law

To be special circumstances, the circumstances in question must apply to the particular individual and not be general circumstances that apply to many taxpayers by virtue of the penalty legislation.

It is very common that HMRC will not offer special reduction. This does not prevent a taxpayer asking it to consider one. Inspectors are supposed to consider special reduction before deciding on the amount of a penalty, but experience insists that this is uncommon and many are unaware of this particular area of internal guidance.

Summary

If a Penalty Notice is received, we highly recommend that it is reviewed and challenged as appropriate. In a significant number of cases it is possible to mitigate or remove a penalty. If that is not possible, suspension or special reduction may be possible. Never just accept a penalty!

VAT: Subjects normally taught in schools – The Premier Family Martial Arts case

By Marcus Ward 20 January 2020

Latest from the courts

In the First Tier Tribunal (FTT) case of Premier Family Martial Arts LLP the issue was whether kickboxing was a subject that is ordinarily taught in schools (or universities). If it was, then the education exemption at VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, group 6, item 2 would apply as it was supplied by a partnership. If not, the tuition would be subject to VAT.

Background

The FTT found that kickboxing is a “striking” martial art. In terms of its physical attributes, kickboxing involves a mixture of boxing, karate and taekwondo and therefore includes all elements of the striking”martial arts. All martial arts involve common physical attributes such as co-ordination and balance. It also stated that; perhaps more significantly, all martial arts emphasise, in addition to the physical aspects of the various forms of martial arts, aspects of personal development such as self-discipline, respect for others, confidence, manners, teamwork and focus which meant it should be considered more than recreational. There was also evidence to the mental and social benefits of the practice of martial arts.

However, this was insufficient to qualify it as a subject “ordinarily” taught in schools. The subject does not feature on the national curriculum, there is no formal qualification or external accreditation requirement to become a kickboxing teacher and there was no formal external validation of the qualifications achieved by children who attend the Appellant’s classes.

Decision

Consequently, the tuition failed the exemption test, the appeal was dismissed and the charges for tuition were therefore subject to VAT.

Commentary

This case demonstrates that there are fine lines between different types of tuition and to which the education exemption applies. It is never safe to simply assume that a subject is ordinary taught in schools. Although many subjects are (to my mind; surprisingly) considered as exempt, it is always better to check.

As the old joke goes: two men punching each other – what’s that a bout?

Changes to the VAT registration limits for overseas businesses

By Marcus Ward 16 January 2020

The (current) EU Member States have reached political agreement on correcting the current discriminatory and unfair rules on non-resident businesses. Unfortunately, these new measures will not come into effect until 1 January 2025 (well after the UK will have left the EU).

Background

Under the current rules a Non-Established Taxable Person (NETP) is required to register and account for VAT in a Member State as soon as any supply is made there. There is a zero threshold, so, for example, if a French company makes a UK supply of £100 it will be required to register here. Compare this to a UK company which will be able to make supplies up to £85,000 per annum without needing to register or pay UK VAT. Blatantly discriminatory and arbitrary based on where a company belongs. It also distorts competition and is inherently unfair. This is the position across the EU, so UK businesses will be suffering in other countries. This has long been a bugbear of mine!

New rules

From 2025 EU Member States have agreed to extend the threshold to all business making supplies. NETPs will have similar VAT registration thresholds as domestic businesses in each country. The registration limits will not be able to exceed €85,000 per year and overseas businesses may only benefit from this if their total sales across the EU are below an amount of €100,000. This is to avoid large enterprises benefiting from the small company threshold.

Outcome

The change will bring a level playing field between domestic and overseas business and will remove significant compliance costs which fall disproportionally on SMEs. This could also encourage small businesses to explore overseas markets without falling foul of; overseas regimes, potential penalties for innocent errors and the disincentive of domestic businesses having a commercial competitive tax advantage over those based overseas.

It is a pity that these changes will not be applied for another five years. It does beg the question why it will take so long. Of course, we have yet to see how Brexit plays out. It is not outside the bounds of reason to imagine the EU Member States excluding the UK from the new rules, nor the UK not implementing them at all here.