On 1 August 2024, the Bank of England reduced the rate from 5.25% to 5%. HMRC interest rates are linked to the Bank of England base rate, and consequently, it has published updated its interest rate tables which recognises the .25% decrease. This interest applies to late VAT payments and repayments.
These changes will come into effect on:
Blocked VAT claims – an overview
In most cases this evidence will be an invoice (or as the rules state “a proper tax invoice”) although it may be import, self-billing or other documentation in specific circumstances. A claim is invalid without the correct paperwork. HMRC mayaccept alternative evidence, however, they are not duty bound to do so (and rarely do unless the amount is minimal). So ensure that you always obtain and retain the correct documentation.
Usually this is an invalid invoice, or using a delivery note/statement/pro forma in place of a proper tax invoice. To support a claim an invoice must show all the information set out in the legislation. HMRC are within their rights to disallow a claim if any of the details are missing.
Broadly speaking, if a business incurs VAT in respect of exempt supplies it cannot recover it. If a business makes only exempt supplies it cannot even register for VAT. There is a certain easement called de minimis which provide for recovery if the input tax is below certain prescribed limits. Input tax which relates to both exempt and taxable activities must be apportioned. More details of partial exemption may be found here.
If a charity or NFP entity incurs input tax in connection with non-business activities this cannot be recovered and there is no de minimis relief. Input tax which relates to both business and non-business activities must be apportioned. Business versus non-business apportionment must be carried out first and then any partial exemption calculation for the business element if appropriate. More details here
If input tax is not reclaimed within four years of it being incurred, the capping provisions apply and any claim will be rejected by HMRC.
This is always irrecoverable unless the client or customer being entertained belongs overseas. The input tax incurred on staff entertainment costs is however recoverable. A flowchart for recoverability in this area here.
In most cases the VAT incurred on the purchase of a car is blocked. The only exceptions are for when the car; is part of the stock in trade of a motor manufacturer or dealer, or is used primarily for the purposes of taxi hire; self-drive hire or driving instruction; or is used exclusively for a business purpose and is not made available for private use. This last category is notoriously difficult to prove to HMRC and the evidence to support this must be very good.
If a business leases a car for business purposes it will normally be unable to recover 50% of the VAT charged. The 50% block is to cover the private use of the car.
The element of fuel costs used for personal use is blocked. There are three ways to treat input tax on fuel:
For instance, a business using the Flat Rate Scheme cannot recover input tax except for certain large capital purchases, also there are certain blocks for recovery on for Tour Operators’ Margin Scheme (TOMS) users
Even if a business obtains an invoice purporting to show a VAT amount, this cannot be recovered if the VAT was charged in error; either completely inappropriately or at the wrong rate. A business’ recourse is with the supplier and not HMRC.
Even if a business has an invoice addressed to it and the services or goods are paid for by the business, the input tax on the purchase is blocked if the supply is not for that business’ use. This may be because the purchase is for personal use, or by another business or for purposes not related to the claimant business.
This is not input tax and therefore is not claimable. However, there are exceptions for goods on hand at registration and which were purchased within four years of registration, and services received within six months of registration if certain conditions are met.
Input tax incurred on certain articles that are installed in buildings which are sold or leased at the zero rate is blocked.
Goods sold to a business under one of the VAT second-hand schemes will not show a separate VAT charge and no input tax is recoverable on these goods.
Assets of a business transferred to you as a going concern are not deemed to be a supply for VAT purposes and consequently, there is no VAT chargeable and therefore no input tax to recover.
A business cannot reclaim VAT when it pays for goods or services to be supplied directly to its client. However, in this situation the VAT may be claimable by the client if they are VAT registered. For more on disbursements see here.
A business cannot reclaim VAT charged on goods or services that it has bought from suppliers in other EU States. Only UK VAT may be claimed on a UK VAT return. There is however, a mechanism available to claim this VAT back from the relevant authorities in those States. Details here. However, in most cases, supplies received from overseas suppliers are VAT free, so it is usually worth checking whether any VAT has been charged correctly.
There are special rules for reclaiming input tax using the Capital Goods Scheme, which means a business must spread the initial VAT claimed over a number of years.
VAT carousel fraud, also known as missing trader fraud or missing trader intra-community (MTIC) fraud, is a complex and highly sophisticated process used by organised criminals which involves defrauding governments of money that should be paid in VAT. It involves a series of transactions where goods are repeatedly bought and sold across borders, with the criminal acquiring goods free of VAT (exports of goods are tax free) and then reselling them with VAT added. The fraudster then does not pay output tax to the relevant authority, usually disappearing or closing the business without doing so. It mainly takes place in Europe, but also increasingly in South East Asia.
Round and round
If the goods are not sold to consumers (B2C) but rather, the transactions pass through a series of businesses. To perpetuate a carousel fraud, companies often create a number of sham shell companies to conceal the nature of the transactions in a complex web. The shell companies continue to trade with each other, and the transactions go round and round like a carousel. This can be almost endless. It is possible for the same goods to be traded many times between companies within the carousel fraud scheme network. Often, these transactions do not actually occur – the goods do not actually move from one party to another, but false invoices are issued.
It is common for these criminals to use the fraudulent money they have illegitimately obtained from other large scale illegal activities.
Innocent participants
Unfortunately, carousel fraud can involve innocent businesses. This often mean that these businesses suffer a VAT cost because HMRC will refuse to repay an input tax claim as the matching output tax was not paid by the missing trader. HMRC do this on the basis that the claimant knew, or should have known, that (s)he was involved in a VAT fraud (so perhaps not always so innocent).
Refusal to repay an input tax claim
This option is available to governments using the “Kittel” principle. This refers to a Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case – Axel Kittel & Recolta Recycling SPRL (C-439/04 and C-440/04) where it was held a taxable person must forego his right to reclaim input tax where “it is ascertained, having regard to objective factors, that the taxable person knew or should have known that, by his purchase, he was participating in a transaction connected with fraudulent evasion of VAT”.
The right of input tax deduction may also be denied where the taxpayer could/should have guessed that their transactions involved VAT fraud.
Due diligence
It is crucial that businesses carry out comprehensive due diligence/risk assessment to avoid buying goods that have been subject to carousel fraud anywhere along the supply chain. It is not enough to avoid a refusal to repay input tax to say to HMRC that a business just “didn’t know” about a previous fraud. The scope of verification of a transaction will depend on its size, value, and the type of business, eg; whether it is a new or existing business partner. Transactions with regular suppliers should also be verified, although there should be be a lower risk of VAT fraud.
HMRC sets out in its internal manuals guidance on due diligence and risk assessment which is helpful. The following quote sets out the authorities’ overview:
“The important thing to remember is that merely making enquiries is not enough. The taxable person must take appropriate action based on the results of those enquiries. Therefore, for example, if the taxable person has undertaken effective due diligence/risk assessment on its supplier and that due diligence/risk assessment shows one or more of the following results in relation to the supplier:
and yet the taxable person still goes ahead and trades without making any further enquiries, this could lead to the conclusion that the due diligence/risk assessment was casually undertaken and of no value”.
Carousel VAT fraud investigations
HMRC carries out serious VAT investigations via the procedures set out in Public Notice 160 in cases where they have reason to believe dishonest conduct has taken place. These are often cases where larger amounts of VAT are involved and/or where HMRC suspect fraudulent behaviour. If a business is under investigation for carousel VAT fraud it will receive a letter from HMRC. The consequences of a carousel VAT fraud conviction are serious, and a recipient of such a letter is strongly advised to contact a specialist carousel fraud barrister immediately to provide expert legal guidance.
The Reverse charge (RC) mechanism
Governments take the threat of carousel VAT fraud very seriously and are continually implementing new measures to deter the schemes. The UK has introduced changes to the way that VAT is charged on mobile telephones, computer chips and emissions allowances to help prevent crime (it was common to use these goods and services in carousel fraud).
The RC mechanism requires the purchaser, rather than the supplier, to account for VAT on the supply via a self-supply. Therefore, the supplier does not collect VAT, so it cannot defraud the government.
The future
VAT policy is consistently updated, so businesses must be aware of these changes to ensure compliance. Technology is being progressively used to fight fraud, and again, businesses need to be aware of this and the obligation to upgrade their own technology to comply with, say; real time reporting, eInvoicing, and other innovations. Compliance technology is increasingly employed to detect inconsistent transactions which means that a business must be compliant, because if it isn’t it will be easier for the tax authorities to detect. Even if non-compliance is unintentional the exposure to penalties and interest is increased.
Although, ideally, a business puts aside the VAT it collects from its customers (output tax charged) to pay its monthly, quarterly, or annual VAT bill, cashflow management can be difficult, especially for small or seasonal businesses with limited cash reserves. There are some things a business can do to mitigate the impact of VAT and one of these is a VAT loan.
Failure to pay VAT on time can lead to penalties and interest which could add to a business’ financial woes.
A VAT loan is a product which provides a short-term financing option to pay VAT on time. The loan covers the VAT amount due during each payment period, which allows a business to spread the VAT cost over a longer time instead of paying it up front in one hit.
Furthermore, there is no need to use up an existing bank facility. A VAT Loan gives a business an alternate financial option to utilise.
How it works
A business can apply for a VAT loan from a bank or other lender. It is usually deemed to be a secured business loan so assets must be put up as security. Once approved, the lender will pay it directly to HMRC. Repayment periods are typically between three months and a year.
The whole process does not usually take long as it is designed to be more streamlined than a standard loan. The money is usually paid to HMRC within days. Evidence of turnover and good credit history will be required, along with usual proof of ID and bank statements etc. Sometimes additional arrangement charges are made along with the interest.
Eligibility
A business must:
VAT bridging loans
There are generally two types of VAT loan: a standard VAT loan and VAT bridging loans. VAT bridging loans differ in that they are specifically a short-term option to assist a business bridge its cashflow gap between making a VAT payment, eg; for a significant purchase, usually property, and recovering this amount from HMRC as a repayment, which can take months (depending when the purchase was made in a VAT quarter and how quickly HMRC make the refund).
Finding a lender
It is usually advisable to look for a lender who offers VAT loans specifically and compare interest rates, terms, fees etc.
A quick Google produces many VAT loan products to compare.
Downsides
As VAT loans are short term, the interest rates are often higher than other business loans. Additionally, the loan repayments and fees increase strains on a business’ financial commitments.
Latest from the courts
In the Lycamobile UK Ltd First-Tier Tribunal (FTT) case, the issue was whether VAT was chargeable on the supply of a “Plan Bundle” at the time when it was sold and by reference to the whole of the consideration that was paid for it, or whether VAT was instead chargeable only when, and only to the extent that, the allowances in the Plan Bundle were actually used. The time of supply (tax point) was important because not only would it dictate when output tax was due, but more importantly here, if the appeal succeeded, there would be no supply of the element of the bundle which was not used, so no output tax would be due on it.
Background
The Plan Bundles comprised rights to future telecommunication services; telephone calls, text messages and data (together, “Allowances”). There were hundreds of different Plan Bundles sold by the Appellant and the precise composition of those Plan Bundles varied.
Contentions
Lycamobile considered that that the services contained within each Plan Bundle were supplied only as and when the Allowances were used, so that the consideration which was received for each Plan Bundle would be recognised for VAT purposes only to the extent that the Plan Bundle was actually used. In the alternative, these supplies could be considered as multi-purpose vouchers such that output tax was not due when they were issued, but when the service was used. Very briefly, the contention was that it was possible that not all of the use would be standard rated in the UK.
Unsurprisingly, HMRC argued that that those services were supplied when the relevant Plan Bundle was sold (up-front) and output tax was due on the amount paid, regardless of usage.
Decision
The Tribunal placed emphasis on “the legal and economic context” and “the purpose of the customers in paying their consideration”.
It decided that the terms of the Plan Bundle created a legal relationship between Lycamobile and the customer. The Bundle was itself the provision of telecommunication services when sold. The customers were aware that they were entitled to use their Allowances and could decide whether to, or not. As a consequence, consumption was aligned with payment and created a tax point at the time of that payment. There was a direct link between those services and the consideration paid by the customer.
The Tribunal also considered the vouchers point. There were significant changes to the rules for Face Value Vouchers on 1 January 2019 (the supplies spanned this date), but the FTT found that the Plan Bundles were not monetary entitlements for future services under either set of rules, so the tax point rules for vouchers did not apply here.
The appeal was dismissed and HMRC assessments totalling over £51 million were upheld.
Commentary
Not an unexpected result, but an illustration of the importance of; tax points, legal and economic realities, and what customers think they are paying for. All important aspects in analysing what is being provided, and when.
Toffee apples are zero-rated, however, any other fruit which is covered in sugar (or toffee) sold as confectionary is standard rated.
HMRC has updated its guidance on how to pay Customs Duty, Excise Duties and VAT on imports from outside the UK.
The document covers, inter alia:
The update includes the removal of references to the Customs Handling of Import and Export Freight (CHIEF) system, as all import declarations must now be made through the Customs Declaration Service.
HMRC has updated its tool to check if businesses that stores third party goods in the UK is registered with the Fulfilment House Due Diligence Scheme for traders based outside of the UK.
The scheme applies to a business which stores any goods that:
If the scheme applies, failure to apply means a business:
To apply
Apply online for the Fulfilment House Due Diligence Scheme.
A business cannot use an agent to apply on its behalf.
An easy yes or no question one would think, however, this being VAT, the answer is; it depends. Typically, management charges represent a charge by a holding company to its subsidiaries of; a share of overhead costs, the provision of actual management/advisory services or office facilities or similar (the list can obviously be quite extensive).
Consideration for a supply
The starting point is; is something (goods or services) supplied in return for the payment? If the answer is no, then no VAT will be due. However, this may impact on the ability to recover input tax in the hands of the entity making the charge. It is often the case that a management charge is used as a mechanism for transferring “value” from one company to another. If it is done in an arbitrary manner with no written agreement in place, and nothing identifiable is provided, and VAT is charged, HMRC may challenge the VAT treatment and any input recovery of the company making the payment.
Composite of separate supply?
This is a complex area of the tax and is perpetually the subject of a considerable amount of case law. This has been so since the early days of VAT and there appears no signs of disputes slowing down. I have written about such cases here here here here and here
“Usually” if a combination of goods or services are supplied it is considered as a single supply and is subject to the standard rate. However, case law insists that sometimes different supplies need to be divided and a different rate of VAT applied to each separate supply. This may be the case for instance, when an exempt supply of non-opted property (eg; a designated office with an exclusive right to occupy) is provided alongside standard rated advice.
Approach
What is important is not how a management charge is calculated, but what the supply actually is (if it is one). The calculation, whether based on a simple pro-rata amount between separate subsidiaries, or via a complex mechanism set out in a written agreement has no impact on the VAT treatment. As always in VAT, the basic question is: what is actually provided?
Can the VAT treatment of a supply change when recharged?
Simply put; yes. For example, if the holding company pays insurance (VAT free) and charges it on as part of a composite supply, then VAT will be added to an original non-VAT bearing cost. It may also occur when staff are employed (no VAT on salaries paid) but the staff are supplied to a subsidiary company and VAT is added (but see below).
Staff
The provision of staff is usually a standard rated supply. However, there are two points to consider. One is joint contracts of employment which I look at below, the other is the actual definition of the provision of staff. Care must be taken when analysing what is being provided. The question here is; are staff being provided, or; is the supply the services that those staff carry out? This is relevant, say, if the services the staff carry out are exempt. There are a number of tests here, but the main issue is; which entity directs and manages the staff?
Directors
There can be different rules for directors compared to staff.
If a holding company provides a subsidiary company with a director to serve as such, the normal rules relating to supplies of staff apply and VAT applies.
However, there are different rules for common directors. An individual may act as a director of a number of companies. There may be an arrangement where a holding company pays the director’s fees and then recover appropriate proportions from subsidiaries. In such circumstances, the individual’s services are supplied by the individual to the companies of which (s)he a director. The services are supplied directly to the relevant businesses by the individual and not from one company to another. Therefore, there is no supply between the companies and so no VAT is due on the share of money recovered from each subsidiary.
Accounting adjustments
Just because no “cash” changes hands, this does not mean there is no supply. Inter-company recharges may involve the netting off of supplies so that no cash settlement is made. However, consideration is passing in both directions, so, prima facie, supplies have been made. This applies when there are accounting adjustments in both parties’ accounts.
Inter-company loans
The making of any advance or the granting of any credit is exempt via The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, Group 5, item 2. This exemption covers most normal types of credit, eg; loans and overdrafts.
Planning
Planning may be required if;
Specific planning
VAT grouping
If commercially acceptable, the holding company and subsidiary companies may form a VAT group. By doing so any charges made between VAT group members are disregarded and no VAT is chargeable on them.
There are pros and cons in forming a VAT group and a brief overview is provided here
A specific development in case law does mean care must be taken when considering input tax recovery in holdco, details here
Joint contracts of employment
If members of staff are employed via joint contracts or employment no VAT is applicable to any charges made between the two (or more) employers. In addition, where each of a number of associated companies employs its own staff, but one company (the paymaster) pays salaries behalf of the others who then pay their share of the costs to the paymaster the recovery of monies paid out by the paymaster is VAT free as it is treated as a disbursement.
Disbursements
Looking at disbursements is a whole article in itself, and in fact there is a helpful one here
But, briefly, if a charge qualifies as a disbursement, then the costs is passed on “in the same state” so if it is VAT free, the onward charge is also VAT free, as opposed to perhaps changing the VAT liability as set out above. It is important to understand the differences between a disbursement and a recharge as a VAT saving may be obtained.
Overseas
The above considers management charges within the UK. There are different rules for making or receiving management charges to/from overseas businesses. These charges are usually, but not always, VAT free (an example is the renal of opted office space which is land related, so is always standard rated) and it is worth checking the VAT treatment before these are made/received. VAT free services received from overseas may be liable to the reverse charge.
Same legal entity
There is no supply if management charges are made between branches of the same legal entity.
Charities
There may be more planning for charities and NFP entities via cost-sharing arrangements, but this is outside the scope of this article.
Summary
As may be seen, the answer to a simple question may be complex and the answer dependent upon the precise facts of the case. It is unusual to have two scenarios that precisely mirror each other, so each structure needs to be reviewed individually. Inter-company management charges must be recognised, especially if the recipient is partly exempt. Please contact us if you have any queries or would like more information on any of the above.
HMRC has gone live with a new digital tool which estimates what registering for VAT might mean for a business.
A business must VAT register if its turnover exceeds £90,000 in any 12 month rolling period. However, a business may register for VAT if its taxable turnover is less than £90,000, this is known as voluntary registration.
This new tool can be used to estimate what VAT might be owed or reclaimed by a business when it registers for VAT. It can also be used multiple times to compare different situations that could apply to a business in the future.
As usual for VAT, there are penalties for failure to VAT register, or registering late. Not only must a business pay the VAT due from when it should have registered, it will receive a penalty depending on how much it owes and how late the registration is. The rates based on the VAT due are: