Eels, salmon and trout are VAT free when sold dead or alive, but bream, perch, pike and tench are standard rated.
Tag Archives: vat-relief
VAT: Recovering input tax on the charging of EVs
Following my last article on charging Electric Vehicles (EVs) I have been asked about the rules on recovering VAT incurred by a business on such costs.
The current rules are:
VAT incurred by businesses when charging EVs can be recovered on the business use of those vehicles, where they are charged at work or at public charging premises.
A business can also recover the VAT for charging EVs if it is a sole proprietor or a partner in a partnership business, and it charges the EV for business purposes at home.
A business must calculate how much of the cost of charging its EV is for business use and how much is for private use by keeping mileage records. The normal input tax rules then apply.
If an employee charges an EV (whether a company vehicle or not) at a public charging point, the supply of electricity is made to the company or employer. The business can recover the VAT on the cost of charging the electric vehicle, subject to the normal rules.
Again, the employer must keep detailed mileage records to calculate how much of the charging cost is used for business and private purposes.
However, where an employee charges an EV (whether a company vehicle or not) at home, the overall supply of electricity is made to the employee and not the employer. The employer is not entitled to recover the VAT on the cost of charging the electric vehicle.
NB: We understand that HMRC’s view on this may be soon be challenged.
Current developments
- HMRC is currently reviewing the situation where an employee is reimbursed by the employer for the actual cost of electricity used in charging an electric vehicle for business purposes.
- The Department is considering other simplification measures that may reduce administrative burdens in terms of accounting for VAT on private use.
- The VAT rate applicable to public charging is 20%. We are aware that there could be a legal challenge to this and that the appropriate rate should be 5% (for all forms of EV charging). The reduced rate of VAT currently only applies to supplies of electricity to a person’s property which is less than 1,000 kilowatt-hours a month.
Hybrid cars are treated as either petrol or diesel cars for VAT purposes. The rules on input tax for petrol and diesel vehicles are here.
VAT: Credit notes – what are they and how are they treated?
VAT Basics
There can be confusion about credit notes and how they are used and accounted for, so I thought it worthwhile to pull together, in one place, an overview of the subject.
What are credit notes for?
A VAT credit note is a document issued by a supplier to a customer. It amends or corrects a previously issued invoice. Invoices are documents which evidence a taxable supply. The credit note is documentary evidence of a change to that supply, or of a decrease in the consideration for that supply. A reduction in consideration may be as a result of; cancellation, discount, refund, prompt payment, bulk order or other commercial reasons.
Why are VAT credit notes important?
The information given on a credit note is the basis for establishing the adjusted VAT figure on the supply of taxable goods or services. It also enables the customer to adjust the figures for the total VAT charged to them on their purchases.
If a business issues a credit note showing a lesser amount of VAT than is correct, it is liable for the deficiency.
Legislation
The UK Law that covers credit notes is found in VAT Regulations 1995, Regulations 15, 24 and 38 of. Regulation 24A defines the term “increase (or decrease) in consideration”.
Conditions of a valid credit note
Requirements for a credit note to be considered valid:
- be issued to the customer
- correct a genuine mistake or overcharge
- reflect an agreed reduction in the value of a supply
- give value to the customer
- not be issued for a bad debt
- be issued in good faith
HMRC also require for credit notes to:
- be issued within 14 days of the decrease in consideration
- contain all the details specified in Notice 700, Paragraph 18.2.2.
Accounting
HMRC has issued guidance on how to correct VAT errors and make adjustments or claims – VAT Notice 700/45.
When you issue a credit note you must adjust:
- the records of the taxable supplies you have made
- your output tax
The accounts or supporting documents must make clear the nature of the adjustment and the reason for it.
Where the adjustment is not in respect of an error in the amount of VAT declared on a VAT return, you should make any VAT adjustment arising from the issue or receipt of a credit or debit note in the VAT account in the accounting period in which the decrease in price occurs.
This will be the accounting period where the refunded amount is paid to the customer.
If you have charged an incorrect amount of VAT and have already declared it on a VAT return you can only correct an error in your declaration by adopting the appropriate method of error correction procedures.
Specific cases
Credits and contingent discounts
When a business allows a credit or contingent discount to a customer who can reclaim all the tax on the relevant supply, it does not have to adjust the original VAT charge – provided both it and its customer agree not to do so. Otherwise, both parties should both adjust the original VAT charge. A business should issue a credit note to its customer and keep a copy.
Prompt payment discounts
If the discount is taken up within the specified time you may adjust the consideration and amount of VAT accounted for by issuing a credit note. If you choose not to use a credit note, the original invoice must have the following information:
- the discount terms (which must include, but need not be limited to, the time by which the discounted price must be paid)
- a statement that the customer can only recover as input tax the VAT paid to the supplier
VAT rate change
Where a VAT invoice showed VAT at the old higher rate, then a credit note should be issued for the element of overcharged VAT. However, there is no way to charge VAT at the lower rate if:
- VAT invoices for supplies were issued before the lower rate took effect, and
- the supplies were actually made (delivered or performed) before then.
In such circumstances, VAT cannot be saved by issuing a credit note for the old VAT invoice and then issuing a new invoice charging VAT at the lower rate.
The deadline for issuing a credit note following a rate change is 45 days. Any credit notes issued after this 45-day deadline are invalid, so the old higher rate would apply to the affected supplies.
Case law – further reading
There is a significant amount of case law on credit notes as this is an area that often creates disputes. Some of the most salient cases are:
- British United Shoe Machinery Company Ltd (1977 VATTR p187)
- Silvermere Golf and Equestrian Centre Ltd (1981 VATTR p 106)
- Robin Seamon Brindley Macro (MAN/83/100)
- Highsize Ltd (LON 90/945)
- Kwik Fit (GB) Ltd (1992 VATTR p427)
- British Telecommunications plc (LON/95/3145)
- The Robinson Group of Companies Ltd (MAN/97/348)
- General Motors Acceptance Corporation UK Ltd (GMAC)(LON/01/242)
NB: A business can only reduce the output VAT on its return if it has made an actual refund. This could be by making a payment to the customer or offsetting the credit against other invoices.
Finally
Failing to issue a credit note is a mistake that needs to be corrected under the error correction procedures.
VAT: New guidance on zero rating exports
HMRC has published updated guidance on the evidence required to zero rate the export of goods. VAT Notice 703 sets out the following changes on the documentation which is required for proof of export:
- Para 6.1 – For VAT zero rating purposes a business must produce official evidence or commercial evidence. Both types generally have equal weight but, if the commercial evidence is found to be lacking sufficient detail, a business will be expected to provide official evidence. An exporter must also provide supplementary evidence to show that a transaction has taken place, and that the transaction relates to the goods physically exported. If the evidence of export provided is found to be unsatisfactory, VAT zero rating will not be allowed and the supplier of the goods will be liable to account for the VAT at the appropriate UK rate.
- Para 6.5 – What must be shown on export evidence (extract from the Notice)
“An accurate description of the exported goods and quantities are required, for example ‘2000 mobile phones (Make ABC and Model Number XYZ2000), value £50,000’.
If the evidence is found to be unsatisfactory you as the supplier will become liable for the VAT due.
If you’ve described goods inaccurately on an export declaration you may be liable for a customs penalty.
The rest of this paragraph has force of law.
The evidence you obtain as proof of export, whether official or commercial, or supporting must clearly identify:
-
- the supplier
- the consignor (where different from the supplier)
- the customer
- an accurate and full description of the goods including quantities
- an accurate and consistent value of the good
- the export destination, and
- the mode of transport and route of the export movement
Vague descriptions of good, quantities or values are not acceptable. An accurate value must be shown and not excluded or replaced by a lower or higher amount”.
- Paras 7.3 and 7.4 on merchandise in baggage and direct exports of personal goods in accompanied baggage have also be amended.
Overview
It is vitally important that exporters obtain the correct evidence that goods have physically left the UK and that all descriptions of the goods are accurate and satisfy HMRC requirements. There has been a significant amount of case law on export documentation (an example here) which illustrates that this is often an area of dispute.
VAT: DIY Housebuilders’ Scheme – deadline for claims extended
The DIY Housebuilders’ Scheme is a tax refund mechanism for people who build, or arrange to have built, a house they intend to live in. It also applies to converting commercial property into a house(s). This puts a person who constructs their own home on equal footing with commercial housebuilders. There is no need to be VAT registered in order to make the claim.
One of the main problems was the very strict (and rigorously enforced) deadline of three months for the submission of the claim form. This is from completion of the build (usually this is when the certificate of practical completion is issued) or the building is inhabited, although it can be earlier if the certificate is delayed.
A case on when a house is considered to be complete here.
However, HMRC has announced that this deadline will be extended to six months from a date yet to be announced. This extension is welcome as it is often difficult to collect all the required information and documentation. In addition, the whole process will be digitised some time in the future which will also simplify the process.
The Scheme can be complex, but here is our Top Ten Tips for claimants.
VAT: Evidence for retrospective claims – new guidance
HMRC has updated its Manual VRM9300 on historic VAT claims.
These types of claims are often called “Fleming” claims and refer to those made before the introduction of the four (once three) year time cap. Such claims extend beyond the period that businesses were required to keep business records and so these were less likely to have remained available.
Where detailed records are unavailable it does not mean there is a lower standard of proof for a claim. The civil standard of proof (on a balance of probabilities) remains.
However, taxpayers’ estimates, assumptions and extrapolations must be sufficiently robust to support a claim. HMRC and the Tribunals must have regard to the evidence that is available, and each claim must be considered on its individual merits.
HMRC state that it “…is not obliged to accept a figure simply because some input tax is due or because it is the claimant’s ‘best guess’ based on the material available”. The claimant must first establish that its method of valuing the claim is reasonable and provide an identifiable repayable amount.
The guidance considers the judgement in the NHS Lothian [2022] UKSC 28 case and its impact on claims where full evidence is unavailable.
Alternative evidence
It is also worth noting that HMRC have the discretion to accept alternative evidence.
VAT: Exemption of fund management services
HM Treasury has published a consultation paper on the treatment of the service of management of special investment funds (SIFs).
SIF meaning in VAT terms
There is no definition of a SIF in existing legislation.
Morgan Fleming Claverhouse Trust plc (case C-363/05) ruled on the interpretation of the term ‘Special Investment Funds as defined by Member States’.
The key points in this judgment are:
- the term ‘special investment funds’ is capable of including closed-ended investment funds, such as investment trust companies (ITCs)
- Member States have a discretion to define ‘special investment funds’ for the VAT exemption but, in doing so, must pay due regard to:
- the purpose of the exemption
- the principle of fiscal neutrality.
According to the Court, the purpose of the exemption is to facilitate investment in securities for investors through investment undertakings. This requires there to be VAT neutrality between the direct investment in securities and investment through collective investment undertakings, as the latter incurs a management charge. Furthermore, there must be equality of VAT treatment for funds which are similar to, and in competition with, funds falling within the scope of the exemption.
As a result of the case, the exemption was extended so that there was a level VAT playing field for all similar collective investment undertakings which compete in the UK retail market. This includes closed and open-ended collective investment undertakings, umbrellas and sub-funds, as well as some pension schemes.
The fund management exemption is limited to the management of SIFs. Consequently, the management of other investment funds will generally be standard-rated.
Legislation
The current VAT fund management regime is provided for by UK legislation, retained EU law and case law. The VAT Act 1994 implemented the Directive. Schedule 9, Group 5, Items 9 and 10 of the Act lists specific types of funds, the management of which is exempted from VAT.
Place of supply
This is important for SIFs management as if the supply is in respect of overseas funds the services are excluded from the exemption (they are outside the scope of UK VAT) when received overseas. This means that there is no output tax on the supply, but unlike exemption, it affords full recovery on input tax incurred in the UK. The perfect VAT outcome.
HMRC Consultation
The technical consultation sets out proposed reform of the legislation that provides for the VAT treatment of fund management. This is required because the fund management industry continues to innovate and introduced new types of funds to the marketplace, and the existing approach has struggled to keep pace with the evolution of the industry and proliferation of fund types.
The purpose of the exercise is to improve the legislative basis of the current VAT treatment of fund management.
Danger?
It is proposed that the following criteria for a fund to be considered a SIF would be legislated for:
a) the fund must be a collective investment
b) the fund must operate on the principle of risk-spreading
c) the return on the investment must depend on the performance of the investments, and the holders must bear the risk connected with the fund; and
d) the fund must be subject to the same conditions of competition and appeal to the same circle of investors as a UCITS (Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities), that is funds intended for retail investors
There is a danger that if the exemption is broadened, fund managers which can now recover input tax may be denied so in the future.
If you have any queries, please contact us.
VAT: DIY Housebuilders’ Scheme – The Dunne case
Latest from the courts
The First-Tier Tribunal (FTT) case of Daniel Dunne demonstrates the fact that the details of the construction are very important when making a claim under the DIY Housebuilders’ Scheme (the scheme)
Background
Mr Dunne applied for planning permission (PP) for a rear extension to his existing house, which was granted. After completion of the building works a Building Control Completion Certificate was issued which described the relevant works as “construction of a single storey extension to the rear” of the property. The appellant submitted a scheme claim which HMRC rejected.
Technical
Superficially, the legislation covering the scheme: The VAT Act 1994 section 35 states, as relevant:
“(1) Where—
(a) a person carries out works to which this section applies,
(b) his carrying out of the works is lawful and otherwise than in the course or furtherance of any business, and
(c) VAT is chargeable on the supply. or importation of any goods used by him for the purposes of the works,
the Commissioners shall, on a claim made in that behalf, refund to that person the amount of VAT so chargeable.
(1A) The works to which this section applies are—
-
- the construction of a building designed as a dwelling or number of dwellings…
- The notes to Group 5 of Schedule 8 shall apply for construing this section as they apply for construing that Group.
The notes to Group 5 of Schedule 8 state, as relevant:
…(2) A building is designed as a dwelling or a number of dwellings where in relation to each dwelling the following conditions are satisfied—
(a) the dwelling consists of self-contained living accommodation;
(b) there is no provision for direct internal access from the dwelling to any other dwelling or part of a dwelling;
c) the separate use, or disposal of the dwelling is not prohibited by the term of any covenant, statutory planning consent or similar provision; and
(d) statutory planning consent has been granted in respect of that dwelling and its construction or conversion has been carried out in accordance with that consent….
…For the purpose of this Group, the construction of a building does not include—
(a) the conversion, reconstruction or alteration of an existing building; or
(b) any enlargement of, or extension to, an existing building except to the extent the enlargement or extension creates an additional dwelling or dwellings; or
(c)…, the construction of an annexe to an existing building…”
excludes a claim as the construction was an extension rather than a “dwelling”. The PP plans showed the extension as a square building connected to the existing residential property by a corridor.
However, Mr Dunne’s evidence was that although the initial plan had been for the rear extension to be attached to the existing property, the plans were changed so that it became a standalone detached building, unconnected to the existing property and the building is therefore a detached bungalow. He discussed the changes informally with the local authority building control, who agreed that he did not need to build the corridor connecting the building to the existing property. The fact that they had issued the planning certificate was, he contended, evidence that the building was compliant with the planning department requirements and so should be regarded as being PP for a dwelling.
HMRC contended that, even without the corridor, the PP was for an extension of the existing building and not for a separate dwelling. An extension is specifically precluded from being the construction of a building by note 16 of the notes to The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 8, Group 5. The construction was not in accordance with the planning consent given by the local authority and so the claim could not be accepted.
The respondents further submitted that the building could not be disposed of separately to the existing building and that although the building had a separate postal address this did not create a separate dwelling.
Decision
The FTT found that for a claim to succeed, it is not sufficient that a standalone building was created; the PP must be for a dwelling. The PP, as informally amended, was for the extension of an existing dwelling and not for the creation of a new dwelling.
The relevant PP correspondence did not contemplate, let alone confirm, that approval was given for a new dwelling. The agreed informal amendment, to remove the connecting corridor from the plans, cannot be interpreted to imply a grant of permission for a dwelling.
The statutory requirements for a claim include the requirement that PP has been granted in respect of a dwelling and that the construction is in accordance with that planning consent. It was found that PP (and its informal amendment) was granted for an extension and not a dwelling, and so it followed that appeal could not succeed.
Commentary
It is crucial for a claim to succeed that all of the conditions of the scheme are met. Any deviation will result in a claim being rejected. It is usually worthwhile having any claim reviewed professionally before submission.
Further
More information and Scheme case law here, here and here, here and here.
VAT: How claims are processed
Further to my article on repayment interest, I thought it may be helpful if I looked at how HMRC process repayment returns, and what can delay payments.
Once a business submits a repayment return it is subject to a number of set steps:
- Step 1
HMRC records the date a return is submitted online via MTD.
- Step 2
Automated credibility checks are applied to all claims. HMRC say that most returns pass these tests. If this is the case, they proceed immediately for payment.
- Step 3
Credibility queries (or “pre-cred” queries) – returns that fail the automated tests are checked manually and are either resolved by the credibility team, or sent to officers to carry out further investigation.
- Step 4
Returns sent for further checks – HMRC say that high priority is given to these verifications and any queries are handled with the minimum involvement of, or inconvenience to, a business. Experience insists that this is not always the case.
- Step 5
Credibility queries are returned to the credibility team – results of the officer’s action, including any amendments required, are returned with a certificate detailing the amount of time taken and any official delay. Claims are passed for payment.
- Step 6
Payment of the claim – once a claim has been accepted, repayment is made immediately. HMRC’s systems check whether repayment interest is applicable. If it is, the interest is paid automatically at the same time as the repayment.
Commentary
Most issues usually arise when returns show “unexpected” repayments – eg; a business regularly submitting payment returns submits an one-off claim, or when a first return shows a significant repayment. The pre-cred checks are undertaken to protect the revenue, that is; to ensure that the claim is valid before money is released. Normally, these checks involve a request for copies of purchase invoices, a telephone conversation, or a physical visit by an officer. Not unreasonably, the quantum of the claim impacts significantly the way HMRC handle it.
However, delays can occur on both sides. A business will have to reply to all HMRC requests timeously (and this is in its interest) but more often a claim will be ‘lost” in the system, or inspectors take an unacceptable time to deal with queries. I have one claim that is still in the system after being lodged in January 2021, despite us providing all information requested immediately.
Reasons for unexpected repayments
There are a number of reasons why a return may be an unusual repayment, which include, but are not limited to a:
- large one-off VAT bearing purchase, eg; machinery, computer system, or land/property
- premises refurbishment
- concentration of professional/advisory fees
- large export order
- change in business structure
- new line of business
- change of a product’s liability
- change of government policy
- new product launch
VAT: New guidance on repayment interest
HMRC has published new guidance on repayment interest – in cases where HMRC is late in settling a repayment claim for overpaid VAT.
If HMRC is late in paying an amount representing a repayment, ie; when a return shows more input tax than output tax, or a claim is made for VAT previously overpaid, a business may be entitled to repayment interest on the VAT that it is owed. From 1 January 2023 repayment interest replaced the repayment supplement.
Amount of interest
Repayment interest is paid at the Bank of England base rate minus 1%, with a minimum rate of 0.5%.
Start date
VAT already paid to HMRC
The day after the later of these two dates:
- when the VAT was paid to HMRC
- the payment deadline for your accounting period
VAT not paid to HMRC
The day after the later of these two dates:
- the payment deadline for the accounting period
- when the VAT return or claim was submitted
End date
Repayment interest ends when HMRC either repays the VAT or sets it off against a different VAT or tax amount that is deemed to be owed.
Notes
- any retrospective claims are subject to the unjust enrichment rules
- repayment interest is not due if there are any outstanding VAT returns
- HMRC will not pay interest on early payments of VAT
- if payment on account businesses pay instalments that exceed VAT owed, repayment interest begins on the date the return was due
- in cases where HMRC demand a VAT security, and it is not paid, no repayment interest will be due